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In last Tuesday's Ahead
of the Tape column in the Wall
Street Journal, “After Subprime: Lax Lending Lurks Elsewhere,”
Justin Lahart speculates on whether other lending markets have been
undermined by the same sort of risky behavior that has led to the
unfolding crisis in the subprime finance sector.
If you ask Federal
Reserve Board Governor Susan Bies, she would probably say “no.” In a
speech that same day, she said that she didn’t “’think there will
be a large impact (from subprime market risks) on the prime mortgage
industry. On the fringes there may be some. ... I think it's really in
the subprime ARM market, it's isolated at this point,’” according to
Reuters.
However, given the
various incentives that encourage excessive risk-taking and dangerous
decision-making by banks and other lenders in the U.S., odds are that
the correct answer to the question of whether current developments
signal much more to come is a resounding “yes.”
Let’s start with
deposit insurance. If ever there was a reason for lenders to
aggressively seek to boost returns without worrying too much about the
consequences, including outright failure, it is the existence of an
insurance program that guarantees little in the way of market discipline
for institutions that run amok. Until, that is, it’s too late.
First formed
following the wave of bank failures during the Great Depression, the
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation safety net is a prime example of
what can go wrong when you have government-sponsored moral hazard, a
lack of market pricing, and political meddling distorting participant
behavior in an ultra-competitive industry. Under the FDIC-underwritten
lending regime, it is not surprising that bankers have increasingly
reached out to those who offer to pay the most for borrowed money,
seemingly regardless of their willingness and ability to honor their
obligations in future.
That is one reason
why subprime loans comprised 12.75% of the $10.2 trillion mortgage
market in 2006, up from 8.5% in 2001, mortgage-related activities
accounted for a record 62 percent of commercial banks’ earnings in
2005 versus 33 percent two decades earlier, and lenders are currently
falling over themselves to finance debt-laden private equity buyouts,
which amounted to around $400 billion in the U.S. alone last year.
In an environment
where depositors don’t seem overly concerned about the risk of loss,
is it any wonder that those who are entrusted to look after their money
feel pretty much the same way?
The phenomenal
growth of securitization, where assets such as loans are sliced and
diced and repackaged into tradable instruments, has also had unintended
and unwelcome consequences. For all the so-called benefits of
securitization, including the ability to shift risk from those who
don’t want it to those who presumably do, there is a significant
downside element. “Originators” (e.g., bankers) have less incentive
than in the past to carefully evaluate credit risk before a loan is
granted and then monitor the borrower’s financial health over time.
On the contrary,
because they receive a fee up front and then pass the obligation on to
others, they have good reason to focus on quantity, not quality, when it
comes to credit-granting decisions. That goes some way towards
explaining record U.S. issuance of $750 billion of asset-backed
fixed-income securities last year, an increase of around 275 percent
from 1999 levels.
And if that means a
few bad apples get through, so be it; it’s somebody else’s
problem—or so many lenders believed during the boom times of the past
few years, before the housing bubble burst and growing numbers of
strapped borrowers begin to default on just-arranged mortgages before
the ink on the paperwork was even dry.
Finally, despite all
the hand-clapping and hoopla, globalization and consolidation in the
financial services industry have also encouraged a considerable degree
of bad behavior. For one thing, the rise of aggressive and
lightly-regulated competitors such as hedge funds, along with a
expansion by myriad firms into products, markets, and countries with
deficient or overlapping regulatory regimes, has spurred widespread
“regulatory arbitrage.” That has helped to facilitate a broad shift
into ever-riskier activities, including loans and financing commitments
for those who probably wouldn’t have qualified in the old days.
Meanwhile, the
dramatic consolidation that has taken place in the financial services
industry, aided in part by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999, as well
as the widely acknowledged reality of a domestic and global regulatory
framework that has not kept pace with rapid innovation, have also
encouraged something akin to a “race to the bottom” as far as
dangerous risk-taking is concerned.
At this point,
it’s almost certainly too late to fix what’s already been done.
Rather, the best course of action is for everyone—industry insiders,
regulators, and politicians—to wake up to the fact that the groundwork
for a fast-expanding credit crunch is firmly in place and that the
upheaval in the subprime market is merely the tip of the iceberg.
By acknowledging the
harsh reality, rather than hoping or pretending otherwise, it makes the
prospect of finding workable solutions for dealing with the impending
crises ahead that much more likely.

© 2007 Michael J. Panzner
Editorial Archive
Michael
Panzner is author of The New Laws of the Stock Market Jungle: An
Insider’s Guide to Successful Investing in a Changing World
and a 25-year veteran of the stock, bond and currency markets. His
next book, Financial Armageddon: Protecting Your Future from Four
Impending Catastrophes is set to be published by Kaplan Business
in February.
Michael
J. Panzner
P.O. Box 115
Manhasset, NY 11030
Website
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